Swami Vivekananda, who lived from Jan. 12, 1863 until July 4, 1902, was a disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna and helped introduce Indian philosophies to the West. He was key in making the world aware of Hinduism as a major world religion. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. In these volumes we have not only a gospel to the world at large, but also, to its own children, the Charter of the Hindu faith. For the first time in history, Hinduism itself forms here the subject of generalization of a Hindu mind of the highest order. Swami Vivekananda, one of Hinduism's the most prominent exponents, was pivotal in introducing the Hindu philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He is known for his path-breaking works on the Hindu scriptures, especially, the Vedas and the Upanishads, and his re-interpretations of Hindu philosophy in the light of modern pluralistic thought.

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Swami Vivekananda was a Hindu monk from India. He played significant role in the growing Indian nationalism of the 19th and 20th century, reinterpreting and harmonising certain aspects of Hinduism. His teachings and philosophy applied this reinterpretation to various aspects of education, faith, character building as well as social issues pertaining to India, and was also instrumental in introducing Yoga to the west.

SWAMI VIVEKANANDA. A spiritual genius of commanding intellect and power, Swami Vivekananda crammed immense labor and achievement into his short life (1863–1902). Born Narendranath Datta, Vivekananda in his youth was fascinated by the agnostic Western schools philosophy. PDF On Jan 12, 2013, Desh Raj Sirswal and others published Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda. We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful, to better understand the use. Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: ʃami bibekanɔndo; 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (Bengali: nɔrendronatʰ dɔto), was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness. Sponsorship of Swami Vivekananda for Parliament of the World's Religions. In 1892, Swami Vivekananda stayed with Bhaskara Sethupathy, who was a Raja of Ramnad, when he visited Madurai and he sponsored Vivekananda's visit to Parliament of the World's Religions held in Chicago. Lecture tours in the UK and US.

According to Vivekananda a country's future depends on its people, stating that 'man-making is my mission.'^[1] Religion plays a central role in this man-making, stating 'to preach unto mankind their divinity, and how to make it manifest in every movement of life.'^[2]

• 2Religion
• 3Society
• 4Personal development

Indian nationalism[edit]

Vivekananda played a major role in the growing Indian nationalism in the late 19th and the 20th century, encouraging many Indians with his success and appeal in the west. His example helped to build pride in India's cultural and religious heritage, and to stand up against the British colonial system.He participated a lot during major movements against the British.

Swami Vivekananda believed that India is the blessed punyabhumi, the 'land of virtue':

'. the land where humanity has attained its highest towards generosity, towards purity, towards calmness, above all, the land of introspection and of spirituality - it is India. '^[3]

According to Swami Vivekananda it is coordinated willpower that leads to independence. He gave the British colonial system as an example, with forty millions of Englishmen ruling three hundred millions of people in India. According to Vivekananda, the forty millions put their wills together and that resulted infinite power, and that was the reason of their success. Vivekananda prescribed, to make a great future India the whole serest will lie in organization, accumulation of power, co-ordination of wills.^[4]

'The tidal wave of Western Civilisation is now rushing over the length and breadth of the country. It won't do now simply to sit in meditation on mountain tops without realizing in the least its usefulness. Now is wanted intense Karmayoga, with unbounded courage and indomitable strength in the heart. Then only will the people of the country be roused.'

Movie theater softwaregore. - Swami Vivekananda

According to Vivekananda the Indian race never cared about physical wealth, although they acquired immense wealth.^[5]

Religion[edit]

Religion played a major role in Vivekananda's ideas. To Vivekananda religion was not only talk or doctrine or theory, but realization of the best and strongest powers within oneself. He said,

[I]t is being and becoming, not hearing or acknowledging; it is the whole soul becoming changed into what it believes.'^[2] He also felt religion is the gist of all worship is to be pure and to do good.^[6]

According to Swami Vivekananda, religion is the idea which is raising the brute into man, and man into God.Religion was his main focus after self realization.^[7]

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa[edit]

Vivekananda was deeply influenced by the Brahmo Samaj, and by his guru Ramakrishna, who regarded the Absolute and the relative reality to be nondual aspects of the same integral reality. According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,^[8] regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive. Ramakrishna

The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one.^[9]

Swami Vivekananda (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta, was an IndianHindumonk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.^[8] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India.^[9] Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.^[7] He is perhaps best known for his speech which began, 'Sisters and brothers of America ..,'^[10] in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to mankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated there as National Youth Day.

He belonged to a traditional family and was one of nine siblings. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.

In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism. The same search for direct intuition and understanding can be seen with Vivekananda. Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to 'the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God.'^[39] He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come 'face to face with God', but none of their answers satisfied him. At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said 'My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes.' According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra's question, by saying 'Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense.'^[39] Nevertheless, Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj's and its new ideas, than by Ramakrishna.^[48] It was Sen's influence who brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was also via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.

In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna, who became his spiritual focus after his own father had died in 1884. Narendra's first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution when he heard Professor William Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion. While explaining the word 'trance' in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted some of his students (including Narendra) to visit Ramakrishna.

According to Banhatti, '[a] singer, a painter, a wonderful master of language and a poet, Vivekananda was a complete artist',^[195] composing many songs and poems, including his favourite, 'Kali the Mother'. Vivekananda blended humour with his teachings, and his language was lucid. His Bengali writings testify to his belief that words (spoken or written) should clarify ideas, rather than demonstrating the speaker (or writer's) knowledge.

Universities

• 24 January 1857 -University of Calcutta
• 20 January 1817 -Presidency University, Kolkata
• 13 July 1830 -Scottish Church College

Born on 12 January 1863 at Calcutta in the West Bengal, Vivekananda was the son of Viswanath Datta and Bhubaneswari Devi. His mother became his first teacher and taught him English and Bengali. Vivekananda listened from his mother the stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Being attached with the educational institutions like the Presidency College and General Assembly’s institution, he passed B.A. and became a member of the Brahmo Samaj. His curiosity increased on the question of the existence of God and he asked one question to all whom, he met – “Have you seen God?” At last he met Rama Krishna Parmahamsa, a priest of the Dakshineswar Kali temple and accepted him as his Guru. He was known then Vivekananda. His address in the parliament of Religions at Chicago as “Sisters and Brothers of America” astonished all. He visited different parts of Europe and many foreigners including sister Nivedita became his disciple. Later on Vivekananda established Ramakrishna Mission on social, religious and cultural foundation. He wrote several books like ‘Jnanayoga’, ‘Bhaktiyoga’, ‘Rajayoga’, ‘To the youth of India’ etc. His divinity was greatly felt by the Indians through his speech and works. He breathed his last in 1902.

Hinduism-Universal Religion[edit]

Vivekananda considered Hinduism to be the mother of all religions. He established through historical sequence. He showed that Vedic religion had influenced Buddhism which again was instrumental in influencing Christianity. He told that all the religions of the world have the same value and importance. In the Parliament of Religions he told—

” …The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth ….Upon the banner of every religion soon be written … ‘Help and not fight’,‘Assimilation and not Destruction’,‘Harmony, and peace and not Dissension.

Thus, through his universal religion, Vivekananda preached the unity of God. He told that though the paths are different for different religions but the goal is same. He attached great importance to the unity of all religions and their fusion into one universal religion.

Advaita Vedantism[edit]

Swami Vivekananda was a great lover of Vedantic philosophy. He believed in monism. He had firm faith on one God. His motto, as reflected earlier, was to establish a link among different religions. He had told that as water of different rivers mingle in the sea, similarly every religion finds itself at the feet of God. He did not see any difference between a Veda or Koran or Bible. Temple, Mosque and Church were equal for him.

He preferred to meditate at any place without any inhibition in his mind. By his personal example he preached monism or Advaita Vedantism. By that he showed his toleration towards every religion. He spoke the message of Vedanta regarding the world unity and to believe shapeless God.

Caste System[edit]

A striking contrast was noticed in the idea of Vivekananda regarding the caste system. Strangely enough, he supported the Varna system as described in the Vedas. Unfolding the advantages of the caste system, he told that division of labour is a great blessing of this system. It would lead to excellence in any profession.

This division, of course, will lead to a caste on the path of progress. However, he also exposed the evils of this system. Untouchability was its worst part. So, Vivekananda criticized this type of “Don’t touches”. He wanted to curb out this type of dogmatism from the society.

Estimate[edit]

Of course, Vivekananda was criticized for his idea regarding the caste system because he was an ardent believer of the casteism which he regarded as a social institution but actually, till this date, it has undoubtedly remained a religious institution. Furthermore he converted Sister Nivedita from a Christian to a Hindu, an idea or action which he told was an offence in his speeches.Some people even say that he didn't consider this as a sin as he had done it for his own religion. His idea of internationalism was regarded as a platonic utopia. However,Swami Vivekananda’s constituent endeavor to free religion from superstitions really establishes him as a great reformer. His synthesis of the materialism and spiritualism is another remarkable feature of his philosophical thought. Thus, he was a great spiritual, nationalist, internationalist and so on.

Renaissance and reformation were the two peas of Vivekananda’s personality. He really brought a reawakening of the Indian culture. By his sharp intellect and reformative attitude he made Hinduism a progressive force in the world. A rare gem he was in the treasure of Indian wisdom. Undoubtedly he dazzled as a shining star in the cultural horizon of India and attracted the attention of the people of the world.

Yoga and meditation[edit]

Swami Vivekananda compared human mind with a monkey who is always restless and incessantly active by his own nature.^[10] He noticed, the human mind naturally wants to get outside, to peer out of the body, as it were, through the channels of the organs.^[11] So, he stressed on practice of concentration,^[12] as he felt there is no limit to the power of the human mind, the more concentrated it is, the more powerful it becomes.^[13] Swami Vivekananda suggested not to do anything which disturbs the mind or makes it restless.

Universalism[edit]

Although embracing and propagating Universalism, he regarded Hinduism the best of all religions, and Advaita Vedanta the best of what Indian religious thought had to offer. According to Vivekananda the greatest misfortune of the world is we do not tolerate and accept other religions. In his lecture in Parliament of religions on September 15, 1893, he told a story of a frog who lived in a well for a long time, he was born there and brought up there and he used to think that nothing in the world can be bigger than that. Swami Vivekananda concluded the story:

According to Vivekananda we must not only tolerate other religions, but positively embrace them, since the truth is the basis of all religions.^[15]

Society[edit]

Social service[edit]

Social service was an essential aspect of Vivekananda's ideas, and an innovation which deviated from both Advaita Vedanta and Ramakrishna. He nevertheless attributed these ideas to both, trying to reconcile them with his own ideas.

According to Vivekananda, an important teaching he received from Ramakrishna was that Jiva is Shiva (each individual is divinity itself). So he stressed on Shiva Jnane Jiva Seva, (to serve common people considering them as manifestation of God). According to Vivekananda, man is potentially Divine, so, service to man is indeed service to God.^[16]

Non-injury[edit]

Swami Vivekananda called Jainmonks the first great ascetics.^[17] He praised their ancient knowledge of presence of low form of life in water:^[18]

A terrible thing, killing these low forms of life. So these monks, if they died of thirst, they would never kill these animals by drinking water. How all that we call ethics they simply bring out from that one great principle of non-injury and doing good.^[19]

Personal development[edit]

In line with the influence of western ideas, Vivekananda stressed the importance of individual development.

Character building[edit]

Swami Vivekananda realized three things are necessary to make every man great, every nation great:^[20]

• Conviction of the powers of goodness;
• Absence of jealousy and suspicion;
• Helping all who are trying to be and do good.

Swami Vivekananda suggested to try to give up jealousy and conceit and learn to work unitedly for others. He told that purity, patience and perseverance overcome all obstacles. He suggested to take courage and work on. Patience and steady work, according to Swami Vivekananda, this is the only way to get success.

According to Swami Vivekananda 'faith in ourselves and faith in God- this is the secret of greatness. Swami Vivekananda observed the history of the world is the history of a few men who had faith in themselves, and it is faith which calls out divinity within. So he told, if people have faith in three hundred and thirty millions of Hindu mythological gods, and in all the gods which foreigners have now and still have no faith in themselves, there will be no salvation.^[21]

Education[edit]

Vivekananda believed education is the manifestation of perfection already in men.^[2] He thought it a pity that the existing system of education did not enable a person to stand on his own feet, nor did it teach him self-confidence and self-respect. To Vivekananda, education was not only collection of information, but something more meaningful; he felt education should be man-making, life giving and character-building. To him education was an assimilation of noble ideas.^[1]

Education is not the amount of information that we put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life building, man making, character making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library..^[22][23]

Swami Vivekananda felt that the education that young boys and girls receive is very negative. He thinks they do not gain confidence or self-respect from these education, so according to Swami Vivekananda only positive education should be given to children.^[24] Swami Vivekananda told, if young boys and girls are encouraged and are not unnecessarily criticized all the time, they are bound to improve in time.^[25]
He also told the youth:

Set yourselves to the task of spreading education among the masses. Tell them and make them understand, 'You are our brothers—a part and parcel of our bodies, and we love you and never hate you.'^[26]

Womanhood[edit]

Swami Vivekananda warned it is completely unfair to discriminate between sexes, as there is not any sex distinction in atman (soul), the soul has neither sex, nor caste nor imperfection. He suggested not to think that there are men and women, but only that there are human beings.^[27] Swami Vivekananda felt, The best thermometer to the progress of a nation is its treatment of its women^[27] and it is impossible to get back India's lost pride and honor unless they try to better the condition of women.^[28] Vivekananda considered men and women as two wings of a bird, and it is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. So, according to him, there is no chance for welfare of the world unless the condition of woman is improved.

Swami Vivekananda noticed almost everywhere women are treated as playthings. In modern countries like America, women have more independence, still, Vivekananda had noticed, men bow low, offer a woman a chair and in another breath they offer compliments like 'Oh, how beautiful your eyes.' etc. Vivekananda felt, a man does not have any right to do this or venture so far, and any woman should not permit this as well. According to Swami Vivekananda such things develop the less noble side of humanity. They do not tend to noble ideals.^[29]

According to Vivekananda, the ideal of womanhood in India is motherhood – that marvelous, unselfish, all-suffering, ever-forgiving mother.^[30] Vivekananda felt, in India, there are two great evils – trampling on the women, and grinding through the poor through caste restrictions.^[31]

According to Swami Vivekananda, Sita is typical of India – the idealized India. Swami Vivekananda assured if world literature of the past and world literature of the future are thoroughly exhausted, yet, it'll not be possible to find out another Sita, because Sita is unique, the character was depicted once for all. Swami Vivekananda felt there may have been several Ramas, perhaps, but never more than one Sita.^[32][33] }}Sita was a true Indian by nature, Vivekananda concluded, who never returned injury.^[34]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abVivekananda, Swami (1996). Swami Lokeswarananda (ed.). My India: the India eternal (1st ed.). Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. pp. 1–2. ISBN81-85843-51-1.
2. ^ ^abcSwami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings, Belur Math, archived from the original on 30 March 2012, retrieved 30 March 2012
3. ^'Vivekananda's Lankan connection'. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
4. ^'The future of India'. ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
5. ^'My life and mission'. ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
6. ^'Universal teachings of Swami Vivekananda'. ramakrishna.org. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
7. ^'Swami Vivekananda Sayings'. abuddhistlibrary.com. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
8. ^Taft 2014.
9. ^'Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master, by Swami Saradananda, (tr.) Swami Jagadananda, 5th ed., v.1, pp.558-561, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras'.
10. ^'The mind is like a monkey'. psychokhemia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
11. ^'The Cosmons- The Microcosm'. ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
12. ^'Concentration, its practice'. ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
13. ^'Why Control Mind?'. greenmesg.org. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
14. ^'Why we disagree'. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
15. ^s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Epistles - First Series/XXII Alasinga
16. ^'IDEOLOGY of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission'. belurmath.org. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
17. ^BUDDHISTIC INDIA Para 22-23
18. ^BUDDHISTIC INDIA Para 24
19. ^http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_3/buddhistic_india.htm
20. ^'Swami Vivekananda Ebook'(PDF). consciouslivingfoundation.org. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
21. ^Vivekananda, Swami (1996). My India: the India eternal (1st ed.). Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. pp. 110–111. ISBN81-85843-51-1.
22. ^s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/The Future of India
23. ^'Swami Vivekananda quotes'. jnanagni.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
24. ^s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Prose/The Education that India needs
25. ^s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Conversations And Dialogues/X
26. ^Narasimhananda, Swami (2012). 'Vivekananda Reader'. Advaita Ashrama. p. 335.Missing or empty url= (help)
27. ^ ^ab'Thoughts on Women'. writespirit.net. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
28. ^'Vivekananda's letters'. Angelfire. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
29. ^Vivekananda, Swami (1996). My India: the India eternal (1st ed.). Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. pp. 68–69. ISBN8185843511.
30. ^'Swami Vivekananda'. rkmdelhi.org. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
31. ^'Letters written from Chicago January 1895, To Mrs. Ole Bull'. vivekananda.net. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
32. ^'Valmiki's Sita'. hindupedia.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
33. ^'A Vedantist's View of Sita'. yabaluri.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
34. ^s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Lectures and Discourses/The Ramayana

Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: [ʃami bibekanɔndo](listen); 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (Bengali: [nɔrendronatʰ dɔto]), was an IndianHindumonk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world^[6][7] and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.^[8] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India.^[9] Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.^[7] He is perhaps best known for his speech which began with the words - 'Sisters and brothers of America ..,'^[10] in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint, and his birthday is celebrated as National Youth Day.

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• 1Early life (1863–1888)
• 2Education
• 4First visit to the West (1893–1897)
• 10Works
• 14Sources

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born Narendranath Datta (shortened to Narendra or Naren)^[12] in a Bengali family^[13][14] at his ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[15] the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.^[16] He belonged to a traditional family and was one of nine siblings.^[17] His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court.^[18][19] Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian scholar^[20] who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.^[21] His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.^[20] The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.^[22][23]

Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to meditate before the images of deities such as Shiva, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Hanuman.^[24] He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks.^[23] Naren was naughty and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, 'I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his ghosts'.^[21]

Education

In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where he went to school until his family moved to Raipur in 1877.^[25] In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the Presidency College entrance examination. ^[26] He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.^[27] He was also interested in Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Indian classical music,^[28] and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. Narendra studied Western logic, Western philosophy and European history at the General Assembly's Institution (now known as the Scottish Church College).^[29] In 1881 he passed the Fine Arts examination, and completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884.^[30][31] Narendra studied the works of David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin.^[32][33] He became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him,^[34][35] translating Spencer's book Education (1861) into Bengali.^[36] While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and Bengali literature.^[33]

William Hastie (principal of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote, 'Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He is bound to make his mark in life'.^[37]

Narendra was known for his prodigious memory and the ability at speed reading. Several incidents have been given as examples. In a talk, he once quoted verbatim, two or three pages from Pickwick Papers. Another incident that is given is his argument with a Swedish national where he gave reference to some details on Swedish history that the Swede originally disagreed with but later conceded. In another incident with Dr. Paul Deussen's at Kiel in Germany, Vivekananda was going over some poetical work and did not reply when the professor spoke to him. Later, he apologized to Dr. Deussen explaining that he was too absorbed in reading and hence did not hear him. The professor was not satisfied with this explanation but Vivekananda quoted and interpreted verses from the text leaving the professor dumbfounded about his feat of memory. Once, he requested some books written by Sir John Lubbock from a library and returned them the very next day claiming that he had read them. The librarian refused to believe him until cross examination about the contents convinced him that Vivekananda was being truthful.^[38]

Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person with a prodigious memory).^[39]

Spiritual apprenticeship – influence of Brahmo Samaj

In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.^[40] Narendra became a member of a Freemasonry lodge 'at some point before 1884'^[41] and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore.^{[40][29][42][43]} From 1881 to 1884 he was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.^[40]

It was in this cultic^[44] milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.^[45] His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God and the deprecation of idolatry,^[24][46] and a 'streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta.'^[47]Rammohan Roy, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism, strived toward an universalistic interpretation of Hinduism.^[47] His ideas were 'altered [..] considerably' by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the Vedas.^[48] Tagore also brought this 'neo-Hinduism' closer in line with western esotericism, a development which was furthered by Keshubchandra Sen.^[49] Sen was influenced by transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience over mere reasoning and theology.^[50] Sen strived to 'an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality', introducing 'lay systems of spiritual practice' which can be regarded as prototypes of the kind of Yoga-exercises which Vivekananda popularised in the west.^[51]

The same search for direct intuition and understanding can be seen with Vivekananda. Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to 'the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God.'^[42] He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come 'face to face with God', but none of their answers satisfied him.^[52][31] At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said 'My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes.'^[42][36] According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra's question, by saying 'Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense.'^[42] Nevertheless, Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj's and its new ideas, than by Ramakrishna.^[51] It was Sen's influence who brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was also via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.^[53]

With Ramakrishna

In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna, who became his spiritual focus after his own father had died in 1884.^[54]

Narendra's first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution when he heard Professor William Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion.^[46] While explaining the word 'trance' in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted some of his students (including Narendra) to visit Ramakrishna.^[55][56][57]

They probably first met personally in November 1881,^{[note 1]} though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.^[55] At this time Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination, when Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's, house where Ramakrishna was invited to deliver a lecture.^[59] According to Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked young Narendra to sing. Impressed by his singing talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.^[60]

In late 1881 or early 1882, Narendra went to Dakshineswar with two friends and met Ramakrishna.^[55] This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.^[61] Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and began to frequently visit him at Dakshineswar.^[62] He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as 'mere figments of imagination'^[22] and 'hallucinations'.^[63] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, polytheism and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.^[64] He even rejected the Advaita Vedanta of 'identity with the absolute' as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.^[63] Narendra tested Ramakrishna, who faced his arguments patiently: 'Try to see the truth from all angles', he replied.^[62]

Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home. Narendra, once a son of a well-to-do family, became one of the poorest students in his college.^[65] He unsuccessfully tried to find work and questioned God's existence,^[66] but found solace in Ramakrishna and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.^[67]

One day Narendra requested Ramakrishna to pray to goddess Kali for their family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna suggested him to go to the temple himself and pray. Following Ramakrishna's suggestion, he went to the temple thrice, but failed to pray for any kind of worldly necessities and ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.^[68][69][70] Narendra gradually grew ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru.^[62]

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat cancer, and was transferred to Calcutta and (later) to a garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced .^[71] Narendra and several other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.^[72] He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.^[22][71] Ramakrishna asked him to care for the other monastic disciples, and in turn asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[73] Ramakrishna died in the early-morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[73][74]

Founding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar

After Ramakrishna's death, his devotees and admirers stopped supporting his disciples.^{[citation needed]} Unpaid rent accumulated, and Narendra and the other disciples had to find a new place to live.^[75] Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way of life.^[76] Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, raised by 'holy begging' (mādhukarī). The math became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math: the monastery of the monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[61] Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours in practising meditation and religious austerities every day.^[77] Narendra later reminisced about the early days of the monastery:^[78]

We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math. We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in japa and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs of this compilation, but could not finish the work of the book for unfavourable circumstances.^[79]

Monastic vows

In December 1886, the mother of Baburam^{[note 2]} invited Narendra and his other brother monks to Antpur village. Narendra and the other aspiring monks accepted the invitation and went to Antpur to spend few days. In Antpur, in the Christmas Eve of 1886, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows.^[77] They decided to live their lives as their master lived.^[77] Narendranath took the name 'Swami Vivekananda'.^[80]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka— the Hindu religious life of a wandering monk, 'without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go'.^[81] His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ.^[82] Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns.^[83][84] He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved to uplift the nation.^[83][85] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), Narendra travelled on foot and by railway (with tickets bought by admirers). During his travels he met, and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[85] Narendra left Bombay for Chicago on 31 May 1893 with the name 'Vivekananda', as suggested by Ajit Singh of Khetri,^[86] which means 'the bliss of discerning wisdom,' from Sanskrit viveka and ānanda.^[87]

First visit to the West (1893–1897)

Vivekananda started his journey to the West on 31 May 1893^[88] and visited several cities in Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),^[89]China and Canada en route to the United States,^[88] reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893,^[90][88] where the 'Parliament of Religions' took place in September 1893.^[91] The Congress was an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman, and judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, Charles C. Bonney,^[92][93] to gather all the religions of the world, and show 'the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life.'^[92] It was one of the more than 200 adjunct gatherings and congresses of the Chicago's World's Fair,^[92] and was 'an avant-garde intellectual manifestation of [..] cultic milieus, East and West,'^[94] with the Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society being invited as being representative of Hinduism.^[95]

Vivekananda wanted to join, but was disappointed to learn that no one without credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted as a delegate.^[96] Vivekananda contacted Professor John Henry Wright of Harvard University, who invited him to speak at Harvard.^[96] Vivekananda wrote of the professor, 'He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation'.^{[97][note 3]} Vivekananda submitted an application, 'introducing himself as a monk 'of the oldest order of sannyāsis .. founded by Sankara,'^[95] supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee, 'classifying the Swami as a representative of the Hindu monastic order.'^[95]

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the World's Columbian Exposition.^{[98][99][100]} On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and Hinduism.^[101] He was initially nervous, bowed to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his speech with 'Sisters and brothers of America!'.^[102][100] At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand.^[103] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, when silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of 'the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance, of and universal acceptance'.^{[104][note 4]} Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the 'Shiva mahimna stotram': 'As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!' and 'Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me.'^[107] According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, 'it was only a shortspeech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament.'^[107][108]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, 'India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors'.^[102] Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the 'cyclonic monk from India'. The New York Critique wrote, 'He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them'. The New York Herald noted, 'Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation'.^[109] American newspapers reported Vivekananda as 'the greatest figure in the parliament of religions' and 'the most popular and influential man in the parliament'.^[110]The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was 'a great favourite at the parliament.. if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded'.^[111] He spoke several more times 'at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes'^[104] on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism and harmony among religions until the parliament ended on 27 September 1893. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.^[112] He soon became known as a 'handsome oriental' and made a huge impression as an orator.^[113]

Sponsorship of Swami Vivekananda for Parliament of the World's Religions

In 1892, Swami Vivekananda stayed with Bhaskara Sethupathy, who was a Raja of Ramnad, when he visited Madurai^[114] and he sponsored Vivekananda's visit to Parliament of the World's Religions held in Chicago.

Lecture tours in the UK and US

After the Parliament of Religions, he toured many parts of the US as a guest. His popularity opened up new views for expanding on 'life and religion to thousands'.^[113] During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, he remarked, 'I have a message to the West as Buddha had a message to the East.'

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. He founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894.^[116] By spring 1895 his busy, tiring schedule had affected his health.^[117] He ended his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and yoga. Beginning in June 1895, Vivekananda gave private lectures to a dozen of his disciples at Thousand Island Park, New York for two months.^[117]

During his first visit to the West he travelled to the UK twice, in 1895 and 1896, lecturing successfully there.^[118] In November 1895 he met Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Irish woman who would become Sister Nivedita.^[117] During his second visit to the UK in May 1896 Vivekananda met Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.^[108] From the UK, Vivekananda visited other European countries. In Germany he met Paul Deussen, another Indologist.^[119] Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a similar position at Columbia University); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.^[117]

His success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West.^[121] Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements like Transcendentalism and New thought.^[122] An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his 'four yogas' model, which includes Raja yoga, his interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras,^[123] which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within which is central to modern western esotericism.^[122] In 1896 his book Raja Yoga was published, becoming an instant success; it was highly influential in the western understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's view marking the beginning of modern yoga.^[124][125]

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including Josephine MacLeod, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Nikola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[22][117][119][126]} He initiated several followers : Marie Louise (a French woman) became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg became Swami Kripananda,^[127] so that they could continue the work of the mission of the Vedanta Society. This society still is filled with foreign nationals and is also located in Los Angeles.^[128] During his stay in America, Vivekananda was given land in the mountains to the southeast of San Jose, California to establish a retreat for Vedanta students. He called it 'Peace retreat', or, Shanti Asrama.^[129] The largest American centre is the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood, one of the twelve main centres. There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts. ^[130] Christina Greenstidel of Detroit was also initiated by Vivekananda with a mantra and she became Sister Christine,^[131] and they established a close father–daughter relationship.^[132]

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks,^{[note 5]} offering advice and financial support. His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service,^[133] and were strongly worded.^[134] He wrote to Akhandananda, 'Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying 'Ramakrishna, O Lord!'—unless you can do some good to the poor'.^[135][136] In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin to teach the Vedanta.^[137] Later, Vivekananda's translation of the first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1889.^[138] Vivekananda left for India on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896.^[139] He was later followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and India's independence.^[117][140]

Back in India (1897–1899)

The ship from Europe arrived in Colombo, British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897,^[139] and Vivekananda received a warm welcome. In Colombo he gave his first public speech in the East. From there on, his journey to Calcutta was triumphant. Vivekananda travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop so they could hear him.^[139] From Madras (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the caste system, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty and ending colonial rule. These lectures, published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrate his nationalistic fervour and spiritual ideology.^[141]

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission for social service. Its ideals are based on Karma Yoga,^[142][143] and its governing body consists of the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).^[144] Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[108][145] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras. Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbhodan in Bengali.^[146] That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.^[108][144]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head his Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict with his 'spiritual interests'.^{[147][148][149]} He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[150] After brief visits to Lahore,^[144] Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed 'Khandana Bhava–Bandhana', a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.^[151]

Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902)

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899^[152] accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda. Following a brief stay in England, he went to the United States. During this visit, Vivekananda established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California.^[153] He then went to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.^[154] His lectures in Paris concerned the worship of the lingam and the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita.^[153] Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Egypt. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for most of this period, until he returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.^[153]

After a brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of Ramakrishna Mission, the math and the work in England and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Although Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in 1901 in Japan due to deteriorating health, he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi.^[155] Declining health (including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia) restricted his activity.^[156]

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death)^[157] Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils,^[158][159] later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math. At 7:00 p.m. Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed;^[158] he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.^[160] According to his disciples, Vivekananda attained mahasamādhi;^[161] the rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.^[162] His disciples believed that the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra (an opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.^[163] He was cremated on a sandalwoodfuneral pyre on the bank of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[164]

Teachings and philosophy

Vivekananda propagated that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy.^[165] Nevertheless, following Ramakrishna, and in contrast to Advaita Vedanta, Vivekananda believed that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 6]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Advaita 'reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism'.^{[167][note 7]} Vivekananda summarised the Vedanta as follows, giving it a modern and Universalistic interpretation:^[165]

Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.^[168] He wanted 'to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest'.^[169]

Vivekananda linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.^[170] He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya,^[171] believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.^[172] He emphasised that success was an outcome of focused thought and action; in his lectures on Raja Yoga he said, 'Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life – think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success, that is the way great spiritual giants are produced'.^[173]

Influence and legacy

Vivekananda was one of the main representatives of Neo-Vedanta, a modern interpretation of selected aspects of Hinduism in line with western esoteric traditions, especially Transcendentalism, New Thought and Theosophy.^[3] His reinterpretation was, and is, very successful, creating a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism within and outside India,^[3] and was the principal reason for the enthusiastic reception of yoga, transcendental meditation and other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West.^[174]Agehananda Bharati explained, '..modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda, directly or indirectly'.^[175] Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all religions) are different paths to the same goal.^[176] However, this view has been criticised as an oversimplification of Hinduism.^[176]

In the background of emerging nationalism in British-ruled India, Vivekananda crystallised the nationalistic ideal. In the words of social reformer Charles Freer Andrews, 'The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India'.^[177] Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.^[178] His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.^[179]Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers 'who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition'.^[180]

The first governor-general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, said 'Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India'.^[181] According to Subhas Chandra Bose, a proponent of armed struggle for Indian independence, Vivekananda was 'the maker of modern India';^[182] for Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased Gandhi's 'love for his country a thousandfold'. Vivekananda influenced India's independence movement;^[183] his writings inspired independence activists such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bagha Jatin and intellectuals such as Aldous Huxley, Christopher Isherwood, Romain Rolland.^[184] Many years after Vivekananda's death Rabindranath Tagore told French Nobel laureate Romain Rolland,^[185] 'If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative'. Rolland wrote, 'His words are great music, phrases in the style of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Händel choruses. I cannot touch these sayings of his, scattered as they are through the pages of books, at thirty years' distance, without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And what shocks, what transports, must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero!'^[186]

Jamsetji Tata was inspired by Vivekananda to establish the Indian Institute of Science, one of India's best-known research universities.^[149] Abroad, Vivekananda communicated with orientalist Max Müller, and the inventor Nikola Tesla was one of those influenced by his Vedic teachings.^[187] While National Youth Day in India is observed on his birthday, 12 January, the day he delivered his masterful speech at the Parliament of Religions, 11 September 1893 is 'World Brotherhood Day'.^[188][189] In September 2010, India's Finance Ministry highlighted the relevance of Vivekananda's teachings and values to the modern economic environment. The then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India before the current President Ram Nath Kovind, approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of ₹1 billion (US$14 million), with objectives including involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles and publishing Vivekananda's works in a number of languages.^[190] In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.^[191]The state technical university in Chhattisgarh has been named the Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University.^[192] In 2012, the Raipur airport was renamed Swami Vivekananda Airport.^[193]

The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda was celebrated in India and abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration.^[194] Year-long events and programs were organised by branches of the Ramakrishna Math, the Ramakrishna Mission, the central and state governments in India, educational institutions and youth groups. Bengali film director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a film, The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary.^[195]

Vivekananda was featured on stamps of India (1963, 1993, 2013, 2015 and 2018), Sri Lanka (1997 and 2013) and Serbia (2018).^[196][197]

Works

Lectures

Although Vivekananda was a powerful orator and writer in English and Bengali,^[198] he was not a thorough scholar,^[199] and most of his published works were compiled from lectures given around the world which were 'mainly delivered [..] impromptu and with little preparation'.^[199] His main work, Raja Yoga, consists of talks he delivered in New York.^[200]

Literary works

According to Banhatti, '[a] singer, a painter, a wonderful master of language and a poet, Vivekananda was a complete artist',^[201] composing many songs and poems, including his favourite,^{[citation needed]} 'Kali the Mother'. Vivekananda blended humour with his teachings, and his language was lucid. His Bengali writings testify to his belief that words (spoken or written) should clarify ideas, rather than demonstrating the speaker (or writer's) knowledge.^{[citation needed]}

Bartaman Bharat meaning 'Present Day India'^[202] is an erudite Bengali language essay written by him, which was first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan, the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later compiled into the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda.^[203] In this essay his refrain to the readers was to honour and treat every Indian as a brother irrespective of whether he was born poor or in lower caste.^[204]

Publications

Published in his lifetime^[205]

• Sangeet Kalpataru (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak)^[79]
• Karma Yoga (1896)^[206][207]
• Raja Yoga (1896 [1899 edition])^[208]
• Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society (1896)
• Lectures from Colombo to Almora (1897)
• Bartaman Bharat(in Bengali) (March 1899), Udbodhan
• My Master (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York
• Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga (1902) Vedânta Society, New York OCLC919769260
• Jnana yoga (1899)

Published posthumously

Swami Vivekananda Scholarship

Here is a list of selected books by Vivekananda that were published after his death (1902)^[205]

• Addresses on Bhakti Yoga
• Bhakti Yoga
• The East and the West (1909)^[209]
• Inspired Talks (1909)
• Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation
• Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion
• Practical Vedanta
• Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection
• Complete Works: a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes (ninth volume will be published soon)

• Seeing beyond the circle (2005)

See also

Notes

1. ^The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882 and found in that year, examination started on 28 November and ended on 2 December^[58]
2. ^A brother monk of Narendranath
3. ^On learning that Vivekananda lacked credentials to speak at the Chicago Parliament, Wright said 'To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens'.^[97]
4. ^McRae quotes '[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,'^[105] namely Sailendra Nath Dhar A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One, (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which 'describes his speech on the opening day'.^[106]
5. ^Brother monks or brother disciples means other disciples of Ramakrishna who lived monastic lives.
6. ^According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,^[166] regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.^{[web 1]} Ramakrishna: 'When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one.'^{[web 1]}
7. ^Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: 'Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or non-dualism, pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [..] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ekamevadvitiyam. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260).'^[167]

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• Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN978-81-85301-75-4
• Vivekananda, Swami (1996), Swami Lokeswarananda (ed.), My India : the India eternal (1st ed.), Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, pp. 1–2, ISBN81-85843-51-1
• Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1996). A portrait of Sister Christine. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN978-8185843803.
• Wuthnow, Robert (1 July 2011). America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-1-4008-3724-3.
• Wolffe, John (2004). Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence. Manchester University Press. ISBN978-0-7190-7107-2.

Web-sources

1. ^ ^ab'Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master, by Swami Saradananda, (tr.) Swami Jagadananda, 5th ed., v.1, pp.558–561, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras'.

Further reading

• Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2004). Swami Vivekananda: Select Speeches. Prakash Book Depot. ISBN978-8179774663.
• Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006). Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study. Prakash Book Depot. ISBN9788179771495.
• King, Richard (2002). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East'. Routledge.
• Majumdar, R. C. (1999). Swami Vivekananda: A historical review. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama.
• Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press
• Malhotra, Rajiv (2016). Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity (revised ed.). Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN978-9351771791.ISBN9351771792 (400 pages)
• Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2013). A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-19740-2.

External links

Swami Vivekananda Pdf Marathi

• Swami Vivekananda at Curlie
• Works about Vivekananda via the Open Library
• Works by Vivekananda via the Open Library
• Works by or about Swami Vivekananda at Internet Archive
• Works by Swami Vivekananda at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Biography at Belur Math's official website

Swami Vivekananda Written Works